Peptidology
Education library

Learn the lab fundamentals

Read the documentation before you read the marketing. COAs, analytical methods, sterility testing, and what Research Use Only actually means.

10 guides · 5 topics · Research Use Only — not for human or animal consumption.

Gloved hands holding test tubes in a laboratory.
Lab literacy

Reading a Certificate of Analysis

What a COA actually proves, which sections matter, and the red flags that separate a real document from decoration.

Updated 2026-05-20

Colorful liquid samples in test tubes held in a laboratory rack.
Analytical methods

HPLC vs. Mass Spectrometry

Two different questions: how pure is it, and is it the right molecule? Why a complete COA usually needs both.

Updated 2026-05-22

Scientist examining a bacterial culture in a petri dish.
Quality assurance

Sterility and Endotoxin Testing

What sterility and endotoxin assays measure, why they are distinct, and how they appear on research documentation.

Updated 2026-05-25

Laboratory technician examining a sample through a microscope.
Regulations

What "Research Use Only" Actually Means

RUO is a regulatory and labeling category, not a wink. Here is what the designation does and does not cover.

Updated 2026-05-28

Abstract blue wave pattern representing analytical data.
Analytical methods

Understanding HPLC Chromatograms on a COA

Chromatogram screenshots appear on many COAs but are rarely explained. How to read peaks, baselines, and what a clean run looks like.

Updated 2026-06-07

Two clear glass ampoules on a red surface.
Lab literacy

How to Read a Peptide COA Batch Number

The batch number ties a physical vial to a specific lab report. How to match labels, COAs, and invoices — and what breaks the chain.

Updated 2026-06-07

Colorful chemical solutions in laboratory glass beakers.
Lab literacy

Purity Percentages on COAs: What 98% Actually Means

Purity claims are widely misread. What the percentage measures, what it excludes, and why context on the chromatogram matters.

Updated 2026-06-07

Colorful molecular model illustrating peptide structure.
Analytical methods

Identity Testing: Why Peptide Sequence Matters

Purity without identity confirmation is an incomplete picture. How labs verify sequence, and what to look for on a COA.

Updated 2026-06-07

Laboratory test tubes with colorful chemical solutions in a rack.
Procurement

How to Evaluate a Third-Party Testing Lab

Independent COAs are only as credible as the lab that issued them. Accreditation, scope, and transparency checks before you trust a report.

Updated 2026-06-07

Rows of test tubes with varied liquid samples in a laboratory rack.
Quality assurance

Batch-to-Batch Variability in Research Peptides

A strong COA on lot A does not describe lot B. Why synthesis batches differ, and how to protect reproducibility in your lab.

Updated 2026-06-07